om Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jasminum sambac is a species of
jasmine native to
South and
Southeast Asia.
[3]
It is a small shrub or vine growing up to 0.5 to 3 m (1.6 to 9.8 ft) in
height. It is widely cultivated for its attractive and sweetly fragrant
flowers. The flowers are also used for
perfumes and for making
tea. It is known as the
Arabian jasmine in
English. It is the
national flower of the
Philippines, where it is known as
sampaguita. It is also one of the three national flowers of
Indonesia, where it is known as
melati putih.
Taxonomy and nomenclature
Jasminum sambac is classified under the
genus Jasminum under the
tribe Jasmineae.
[4] It belongs to the
olive family Oleaceae.
[5]
Despite the
English common name of "Arabian jasmine",
Jasminum sambac is not originally native to
Arabia. The
habits of
Jasminum sambac support a
native habitat of
humid tropical climates and not the
arid climates of the
Middle East. Early
Chinese records of the plant points to the origin of
Jasminum sambac as eastern
South Asia and
Southeast Asia.
Jasminum sambac (and nine other species of the
genus) were
spread into
Arabia and
Persia by man, where they were cultivated in
gardens. From there, they were introduced to
Europe where they were grown as ornamentals and were known under the common name "sambac" in the 18th century.
[6][7]
Medieval Arabic
"zanbaq" meant jasmine flower-oil from the flowers of any species of jasmine. This word entered late medieval Latin as
"sambacus" and
"zambacca" with the same meaning as the Arabic, and then in post-medieval Latin plant taxonomy the word was adopted as a label for the
J. sambac species.
[8] The
J. sambac
species is a good source for jasmine flower-oil in terms of the quality
of the fragrance and it continues to be cultivated for this purpose for
the perfume industry today. The
Jasminum officinale species is also cultivated for the same purpose, and probably to a greater extent.
In 1753,
Carl Linnaeus first described the plant as
Nyctanthes sambac in the first edition of his famous book
Systema Naturae. In 1789,
William Aiton reclassified the plant to the genus
Jasminum. He also coined the common English name of "Arabian jasmine",
[9] cementing the misconception that it was Arabian in origin.
[6]
Other common names of
Jasminum sambac include:
[10]
Description
Jasminum sambac is an
evergreen vine or
shrub reaching up to 0.5 to 3 m (1.6 to 9.8 ft) tall.
[12] The species is highly variable, possibly a result of
spontaneous mutation, natural
hybridization, and
autopolyploidy. Only a few varieties reproduce by
seed in the wild. Cultivated
Jasminum sambac generally do not bear seeds and the plant is reproduced solely by
cuttings,
layering,
marcotting, and other methods of
asexual propagation.
[13][14][3]
The
leaves are ovate, 4 to 12.5 cm (1.6 to 4.9 in) long and 2 to 7.5 cm (0.79 to 3.0 in) wide. The
phyllotaxy is opposite or in whorls of three, simple (not
pinnate, like most other jasmines).
[15] They are smooth (glabrous) except for a few hairs at the
venation on the base of the leaf.
[13]
The
flowers bloom all throughout the year and are produced in clusters of 3 to 12 together at the ends of branches.
[14]
They are strongly scented, with a white corolla 2 to 3 cm (0.79 to 1.2
in) in diameter with 5 to 9 lobes. The flowers open at night (usually
around 6 to 8 in the evening), and close in the morning, a span of 12 to
20 hours.
[3] The
fruit is a purple to black
berry 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter.
[13]
Cultivars
Jasminum sambac cultivars
There are numerous
cultivars of
Jasminum sambac which differ from each other by the shape of leaves and the structure of the
corolla. The cultivars recognized include:
- 'Maid of Orleans' - possesses flowers with a single layer of five or more oval shaped petals. It is also known as 'Mograw', 'Motiya', or 'Bela'.[16] It is the variety most commonly referred to as sampaguita and pikake.[3][14]
- 'Belle of India' - possesses flowers with a single or double layer of elongated petals.[16]
- 'Grand Duke of Tuscany' - possesses flowers with doubled petals. They resemble small white roses and are less fragrant than the other varieties. It is also known as 'Rose jasmine' and 'Butt Mograw'.[16] In the Philippines, it is known as kampupot.[3]
- 'Mysore Mulli' - resembles the 'Belle of India' cultivar but has slightly shorter petals.[16]
Cultivation
The sweet, heady fragrance of
Jasminum sambac is its distinct feature. It is widely grown throughout the tropics from the
Arabian peninsula to
Southeast Asia and the
Pacific Islands as an ornamental plant and for its strongly scented flowers.
[17] Numerous cultivars currently exist.
[15]
Typically, the flowers are harvested as
buds
during early morning. The flower buds are harvested on basis of color,
as firmness and size are variable depending on the weather. The buds
have to be white, as green ones may not emit the characteristic
fragrance they are known for.
[14]
Open flowers are generally not harvested as a larger amount of them is
needed to extract oils and they lose their fragrance sooner.
[3]
Importance
The Philippines
Jasminum sambac was adopted by the
Philippine government as the
national flower in 1934 via Proclamation No. 652 issued by
American Governor-General Frank Murphy.
[18][19][20] Filipinos string the flowers into leis, corsages, and sometimes crowns.
[21][22]
These garlands are available as loose strings of blossoms or as tight
clusters of buds, and are commonly sold by child vendors outside
churches and near intersections.
[23]
Sampaguita garlands are usually placed on religious icons, altars,
photographs of the deceased, special guests and on occasion, graduating
students as a form of bestowing honour, veneration and accolade.
Jasminum sambac was the subject of the
danza song
La Flor de Manila, composed by
Dolores Paterno in 1879 at the age of 25. The song was popular during the
American Commonwealth period and is now regarded as a
romantic classic.
[24]
Indonesia
Jasminum sambac (
Indonesian:
melati putih) is one of the three
national flowers in
Indonesia, the other two being the
moon orchid and the
giant padma.
[19]
Although the official adoption were announced only as recent as 1990
during World Environment Day and enforced by law through Presidential
Decree No. 4 in 1993,
[25] the importance of
Jasminum sambac in
Indonesian culture long predates its official adoption. Since the formation of Indonesian republic during the reign of
Sukarno,
melati putih
is always unofficially recognized as the national flower of Indonesia.
The reverence and its elevated status mostly due to the importance of
this flower in Indonesian tradition since ancient times.
It has long been considered a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition,
as it symbolizes purity, sacredness, graceful simplicity and sincerity.
It also represents the beauty of modesty; a small and simple white
flower that can produce such sweet fragrance. It is also the most
important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians,
especially in the island of
Java.
[26] Jasmine flower buds that have not fully opened are usually picked to create strings of jasmine garlands (
Javanese:
roncen melati). On wedding days, a traditional
Javanese or
Sundanese bride's hair is adorned with strings of jasmine garlands arranged as a hairnet to cover the
konde (
hair bun). The intricately intertwined strings of jasmine garlands are left to hang loose from the bride's head. The groom's
kris is also adorned with five jasmine garlands called
roncen usus-usus (intestine garlands) to refer its intestine-like form and also linked to the legend of
Arya Penangsang. In Makassar and
Bugis brides, the hair is also adorned with buds of jasmine that resemble pearls. Jasmine is also used as floral offerings for
hyangs, spirits and deities especially among
Balinese Hindu, and also often present during funerals.
The jasmine has wide spectrums in Indonesian traditions; it is the
flower of life, beauty and festive wedding, yet it is also often
associated with spirit and death. In Indonesian patriotic songs and
poems, the fallen
melati often hailed as the representation of
fallen heroes that sacrificed their life and died for the country, the
very similar concept with fallen
sakura that represent fallen heroes in Japanese tradition. The
Ismail Marzuki's patriotic song
"Melati di Tapal Batas" (jasmine on the border) (1947) and
Guruh Sukarnoputra's
"Melati Suci"[27]
(sacred jasmine) (1974) clearly refer jasmine as the representation of
fallen heroes, the eternally fragrance flower that adorned
Ibu Pertiwi (Indonesian
national personification). The Iwan Abdurachman's
"Melati dari Jayagiri"
(jasmine from Jayagiri mountain) refer jasmine as the representation of
the pure unspoiled beauty of a girl and also a long lost love.
Cambodia
In
Cambodia, the flower is used as an offering to the
Buddha. During flowering season which begins in June, Cambodians thread the flower buds onto a wooden needle to be presented to the
Buddha.
[28]
China
In
China, the flower is processed and used as the main ingredient in
jasmine tea (茉莉花茶).
[6] It is also the subject of the
folk song Mo Li Hua, which was
censored by the
People's Republic of China due to its association with the
2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests.
[29]
Hawaii
In
Hawaii, the flower is known as
pikake, and are used to make fragrant
leis.
[14] The name 'pikake' is derived from the Hawaiian word for "
Peacock", because the Hawaiian
Princess Kaʻiulani was fond of both the flowers and the bird.
[14][20]
India and Middle East
It is one of the most commonly grown ornamentals in
India and
Bangladesh, where it is native.
[20][12] They are used to make thick garlands used as hair adornments. In
Oman,
Jasminum sambac features prominently on a child's first
birthday.
Flowers are spinkled on the child's head by other children while
chanting "hol hol". The fragrant flowers are also sold packed in between
large leaves of the Indian almond (
Terminalia catappa) and sewn together with strips of
date palm leaves.
[17]
See also
References
- ^ "Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) online database. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
- ^ Ginés López González (2006) (in Spanish). Los árboles y arbustos de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares: especies silvestres y las principales cultivadas (2 ed.). Mundi-Prensa Libros. p. 1295. ISBN 978-84-8476-272-0.
- ^ a b c d e f Fernando C. Sanchez, Jr., Dante Santiago, & Caroline P. Khe (2020). "Production Management Practices of Jasmine (Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton) in the Philippines". J. ISSAAS (International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences) 16 (2): 126–136. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ Klaus Kubitzki & Joachim W. Kadereit, ed. (2004). The
families and genera of vascular plants: Flowering plants, Dicotyledons.
Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). The families and genera of vascular plants. 7. Springer. p. 299. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1.
- ^ "Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton: Arabian jasmine". PLANTS profile, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ a b c 胡秀英 (Hu Shiu-Ying) (2003) (in Chinese with English translations). 秀苑擷英: 胡秀英敎授論文集. 商務印書館(香港). pp. 263–265. ISBN 978-962-07-3152-5.
- ^ A.K. Singh (2006). Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management. New India Publishing. pp. 193–205. ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6.
- ^ Dictionnaire étymologique des mots français d'origine orientale, by L. Marcel Devic, year 1876, page 201; downloadable. Additional details at zambacca(Alphita, mid 15th century); sambacus(Simon of Genoa, late 13th century); زنبق = دهن الياسمين(zanbaq = "jasmine oil" in Lisan al-Arab, late 13th century).
- ^ William Aiton (1810). Hortus Kewensis, or A catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal botanic garden at Kew. 1 (2 ed.). Longman. p. 16.
- ^ "Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton, Oleaceae". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). October 18, 2006. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ "Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Bahasa Melayu" (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
- ^ a b Baby P. Skaria (2007). Aromatic Plants: Vol.01. Horticulture Science Series. Horticulture science. 1. New India Publishing. p. 182. ISBN 978-81-89422-45-5.
- ^ a b c "Jasminum sambac (Linnaeus) Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1: 8. 1789.". Flora of China. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Kenneth W. Leonhardt & Glenn I. Teves (2002). "Pikake A Fragrant-Flowered Plant for Landscapes and Lei Production". Ornamentals and Flowers (College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawai'i at Manoa). Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ a b B.K. Banerji & A.K. Dwivedi. "Fragrant world of Jasmine". Floriculture Today, National Botanical Research Institute. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Jasmine". House Plants, HCC Southwest College. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ a b Tony Walsh (2004). "Jasmine Scents of Arabia". Arab News Review (Saudi Research & Publishing Company (SRPC)): 1–3. ISSN 0254-833X. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ "Philippine Fast Facts: National Flower: Sampaguita". National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ a b "ASEAN National Flowers". ASEAN secretariat. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ a b c W. Arthur Whistler (2000). Tropical ornamentals: a guide. Timber Press. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-0-88192-475-6.
- ^ Teresita L. Rosario. "Cut Flower Production in the Philippines". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ Greg Nickles (2002). Philippines: the people. The lands, peoples, and cultures. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7787-9353-3.
- ^ Robert H. Boyer (2010). Sundays in Manila. UP Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-971-542-630-5.
- ^ Himig: The Filipino Music Collection of FHL. "Dolores Paterno". Filipinas Heritage Library and the Ayala Foundation. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
- ^ Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993
- ^ Toto Sutater & Kusumah Effendie. "Cut Flower Production in Indonesia". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ Melati Suci
- ^ James H. Wandersee & Renee M. Clary. "Divinity in Bud". Human Flower Project. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
- ^ "Jasmine stirrings in China: No awakening, but crush it anyway: The government goes to great lengths to make sure al